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Prior to the advent of Islam, the Umayyads were a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centered at Mecca. Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan was the first Umayyad caliph, ruling from 661 to 680. ʿABBASID CALIPHATE in Iran. The aim of the present article is not to give a chronological history of Persia under ʿAbbasid rule but to examine some of the main trends affecting the political, religious, and cultural development of Persia during the period when ʿAbbasid rule was effective there—essentially from the middle of the 2nd/8th century to the opening decades of the 4th/10th century. Amanda och fågelbadet A caliphate (Arabic: خِلافة ‎ khilāfa) is a state ruled by an Islamic leader known as a caliph (Arabic: خَليفة ‎ khalīfah pronunciation (help · info)).This is a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire muslim community. The Rashidun caliphs directly succeeded Muhammad as leaders of the muslim community. download Early Caliphate ebook Från fäboden till börsen A caliphate (Arabic: خِلافة ‎ khilāfah) is an Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; Arabic: خَليفة ‎ khalīfah, pronunciation (help · info)), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community). Historically, the caliphates were ... Faldne engle Caliphate: Caliphate, the state comprising the Muslim community in the centuries after the death of Muhammad. Ruled by a caliph (Arabic khalifah, ‘successor’), the caliphate grew rapidly during its first two centuries. 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